Provision of Primary Frequency Response as Ancillary Service From Active Distribution Networks to the Transmission System

This paper deals with the provision of primary frequency response (PFR) as ancillary service (AS) from active distribution networks (ADNs) to transmission system (TS). In particular, two methodologies are developed. The first one aims quantify PFR capability range ADN. is defined by determining aggregated, i.e., equivalent, power - $P(f)$ droop curves that can be provided at point interconnection (POI) TS. second targets optimally control individual distributed energy resources (DERs), installed in premises ADN, guarantee specific regulation characteristic POI. expressed means a curve. Both methods tested on discrete systems. Several test cases examined demonstrate their implementation. Additionally, comparisons against conventional approaches and time series simulations conducted evaluate performance proposed methods.